Copyright, Intellectual Property and Use of Content

Last updated: 30 July 2026

1. Purpose and scope.

This Notice governs the legal status of the content made available on the website alessandrodelninno.it, hereinafter the “Website”, and the terms on which such content may be viewed, quoted, reproduced or otherwise used.

The Website is operated by:

Alessandro del Ninno – Lawyer
Professional address: Via del Governo Vecchio 121 – 00186 Rome, Italy
VAT number: 06074801009
Member of the Rome Bar: No. A26640
Certified email address (PEC): alessandrodelninno@ordineavvocatiroma.org

This Notice supplements the Legal Information and Website Terms of Use, which govern access to and use of the Website generally.

2. Ownership of Content and reservation of rights.

Unless otherwise stated, original content published on the Website is owned by Alessandro del Ninno or is used under a contract, licence, authorisation or other lawful basis.

Such content includes, by way of example:

• articles, essays, commentaries, news items and legal insights;
• legal opinions, notes, memoranda and other legal contributions;
• books, handbooks and extracts from publications;
• podcasts, audio recordings, videos and transcripts;
• speeches, interviews and materials relating to conferences and other speaking engagements;
• presentations, course materials and training materials;
• diagrams, tables, infographics, images and photographs;
• informational texts, descriptions of services and content appearing on the pages of the Website;
• notices, terms of use, clauses, policies, checklists and other legal materials;
• the selection, coordination, arrangement and editorial structure of the content;
• collections and databases, where the statutory requirements for protection are met.

Such content may be protected under Italian Law No. 633 of 22 April 1941, legislation governing industrial property and databases, European Union law, international conventions and other applicable laws.

To the extent provided by law, all rights of reproduction, transcription, publication, distribution, communication and making available to the public, translation, adaptation, arrangement, transformation, modification, extraction, re-utilisation and commercial exploitation of the content are reserved.
Publication on the Website does not constitute the assignment or transfer of, or the grant of any implied licence to, any intellectual or industrial property rights.

3. Third-party materials and official sources.

The Website may contain or refer to materials belonging to third parties, including:

• photographs and images;
• trade marks and logos;
• book covers;
• articles and press coverage;
• extracts from publications;
• recordings or audiovisual contributions;
• documents and content originating from publishers, media outlets, universities, institutions, public authorities or other parties.

The relevant rights remain vested in the respective authors, publishers, producers or their successors in title. The inclusion of such materials on the Website does not transfer any rights to Alessandro del Ninno or grant users any licence to reuse them.

Any third-party trade marks and other distinctive signs are used solely for descriptive, informational, identification or documentary purposes, within the limits permitted by law.

No exclusive rights are claimed in:

• the texts of legislation and other official acts excluded from copyright protection under applicable law;
• facts, information and news as such;
• ideas, principles, concepts, methods and knowledge that are not protected as such by copyright;
• materials in the public domain.

The original treatment, commentary, annotations, translations, selection, arrangement, editorial presentation and any other creative contributions prepared for the Website may nevertheless be protected.

4. Permitted uses.

The content may be freely viewed through ordinary access to the Website.

Unless otherwise stated, users may also:

• save or print a single copy of an item of content for personal use, study or non-commercial internal reference;
• quote short extracts for the purposes of criticism, review, information, research or teaching, to the extent permitted by law;
• create hyperlinks to publicly accessible pages of the Website, subject to the conditions set out in Section 11 below;
• make any use expressly permitted under the exceptions and limitations provided for by applicable law.

Any quotation must:

• be limited to the extent justified by the purpose for which it is used;
• not serve as a substitute for consulting the original work or content;
• not conflict with the normal exploitation of the content;
• clearly identify the author;
• state the title of the content, where available;
• identify the Website as the source;
• include a link to the original page;
• not distort the meaning or context of the quoted content.

Nothing in this Notice limits or excludes any use permitted by law.

5. Uses requiring prior permission.

Unless a use is expressly permitted by law, the rightholder’s prior written permission is required to:

• reproduce an item of content in full or in substantial part;
• republish content on other websites, blogs, newsletters, journals, platforms or social media;
• distribute, communicate or make content available to the public;
• translate, modify, adapt, systematically summarise or otherwise process content;
• incorporate content into books, handbooks, course materials, courses, databases, collections or other publishing products;
• use content in connection with commercial or professional activities carried out for third parties;
• use training materials in courses, conferences, workshops or corporate programmes;
• include content in documents, legal opinions, proposals, reports, presentations or other deliverables intended for clients;
• license or sublicense content to third parties;
• use photographs, images, audio recordings or videos outside the Website;
• remove or alter any indication of authorship, source, copyright or other rights;
• compile systematic collections or archives of Website content;
• use the Website or its content in a manner that substitutes for the original service, publication or content.

Any permission granted may be subject to specific conditions concerning the purpose, duration, territorial scope and means of use, attribution of authorship and any applicable fee.

A failure to respond to a request for permission does not constitute consent.

6. Legal texts and professional materials.

The notices, contractual terms, clauses, policies, templates, checklists, compliance frameworks and other legal materials published on the Website have been prepared for specific informational or professional purposes.

Such materials:

• are not templates of general application suitable for every situation;
• may need to be adapted having regard to the relevant context, sector, parties involved and applicable law;
• may not reflect legislative, regulatory or interpretative developments occurring after publication;
• cannot replace a professional assessment tailored to the specific circumstances of a matter.

Except where permitted by law, such materials must not be copied, adapted, translated or used:

• to provide legal or advisory services to third parties;
• in documents intended for clients;
• as contractual or compliance templates;
• in commercial products or services;
• in platforms, automated document generators or databases;
• without attribution or while being presented as the user’s own materials.

Merely replacing names, identifying details or isolated expressions does not create an independent work or make a text derived from material published on the Website freely reusable.

7. Articles, news and press coverage.

Original articles, commentaries and legal insights published on the Website are protected in accordance with applicable law.

Facts and current-affairs information are not subject to exclusive rights as such. Protection may nevertheless subsist, where the relevant requirements are met, in:

• the particular form of expression;
• the author’s analysis and commentary;
• the original title;
• the selection and arrangement of information;
• the editorial presentation;
• images and other associated materials.

Current-affairs articles may be reproduced only in the circumstances and subject to the conditions laid down by law, taking account of any express reservation of reproduction rights made by the rightholder.

Articles, images, interviews and other materials originating from newspapers, broadcasters or other media outlets remain the property of their respective publishers, authors and producers.

Their inclusion in the interviews or press coverage section does not authorise any further reproduction or reuse.

Identifying the source does not, in itself, render lawful a reproduction that exceeds the limits permitted by law.

8. Databases and collections of content.

Collections and databases made available on the Website may be protected:

• by copyright, where, by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents, they constitute the author’s own intellectual creation;
• by the sui generis right of the maker of a database, where there has been a substantial investment in the obtaining, verification or presentation of its contents;
• by any rights subsisting in the individual materials included in the collection.

Except as permitted by law, users must not:

• extract or re-utilise the whole or a substantial part, evaluated qualitatively or quantitatively, of a database;
• repeatedly and systematically extract or re-utilise insubstantial parts in a manner that conflicts with the normal exploitation of the database or unreasonably prejudices the legitimate interests of its maker;
• reconstruct, duplicate or make available a substantially equivalent collection;
• use automated processes to acquire content systematically.

The rights granted to lawful users under Articles 64-sexies and 102-ter of Italian Law No. 633 of 22 April 1941 and any other applicable provisions remain unaffected.

9. Name, image, trade marks and other distinctive signs.

The name Alessandro del Ninno, the domain name alessandrodelninno.it, and the logos, graphic elements, designations, other distinctive signs and professional images appearing on the Website must not be used in any manner that:

• causes confusion as to the origin of products, services or content;
• suggests the existence of any authorisation, collaboration, association, endorsement or sponsorship that does not exist;
• harms Alessandro del Ninno’s identity, reputation or professional image;
• identifies third-party websites, accounts, services, products or initiatives;
• involves registering or using confusingly similar domain names, accounts or names.

Fair and lawful descriptive, informational or journalistic uses remain permitted.

Third-party trade marks and other distinctive signs remain the property of their respective proprietors.

10. Reservation of rights for text and data mining and artificial intelligence systems.

Pursuant to Article 70-quater of Italian Law No. 633 of 22 April 1941 and Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/790, Alessandro del Ninno expressly reserves the rights of reproduction and extraction in respect of Website content for the purposes of text and data mining.
Subject to any mandatory exceptions provided for by law, this reservation applies to reproductions and extractions carried out, including by automated means, for:

• text and data mining;
• scraping or crawling for the purpose of collecting and processing content;
• creating datasets, corpora or structured archives;
• training, pre-training, developing, fine-tuning, validating or evaluating artificial intelligence models or systems;
• generating embeddings, vector representations or other structured forms of content processing;
• developing generative, summarisation, search or automated response services that use the content as training data or other processing input;
• developing commercial products or services based on the systematic acquisition of content;
• any other activity involving reproductions or extractions reserved to rightholders.

Such activities require the rightholder’s prior written authorisation, unless a statutory exception applies, including the exceptions available to research organisations and cultural heritage institutions, subject to the limits and conditions laid down by applicable law.

This clause constitutes an express reservation of rights in respect of content made publicly available online.

The reservation may also be expressed by means of:

• metadata;
• HTTP headers;
• files or statements placed on the server;
• instructions addressed to automated agents;
• machine-readable protocols;
• other technical measures designed to communicate the reservation of rights.

The ordinary indexing of public pages by search engines, where permitted by the Website’s technical instructions, does not constitute authorisation to use the content for the training or development of artificial intelligence systems or for any other text and data mining activity.

Requests for authorisation or licences for text and data mining activities may be submitted using the contact details set out in Section 13 below.

11. Hyperlinks.

Links to publicly accessible pages of the Website are permitted, provided that the link:

• is fair and not misleading;
• leads to the original page on which the content appears;
• does not use framing techniques;
• does not alter the appearance or context of the Website;
• does not suggest the existence of any professional relationship, collaboration, authorisation or sponsorship that does not exist;
• is not included in unlawful, defamatory, discriminatory or otherwise harmful content;
• does not misuse Alessandro del Ninno’s name, trade mark or image.

Website content must not be systematically embedded in other websites or services by means of deep links, feeds, frames or other technical solutions where this serves as a substitute for accessing the original Website or results in the systematic exploitation of its content.

The Website owner may require the removal of any link created in breach of these conditions.

12. Rights-management information and technological measures.

It is prohibited to remove, alter, conceal or render ineffective:

• copyright notices;
• information identifying the author or source;
• metadata and rights-management information;
• watermarks or other identifying elements;
• signals and protocols relating to the reservation of rights;
• technological protection or access-control measures.

Users must not circumvent or bypass technological measures designed to protect content, prevent automated access, restrict bulk extraction or communicate terms of use.

Any mandatory provisions governing technological protection measures and rights-management information remain unaffected.

13. Requests for permission and infringement reports.

A request for permission to use content must include at least:

• the content concerned;
• the purpose of the proposed use;
• the manner and means of dissemination;
• whether the proposed use is commercial;
• the duration and territorial scope of the proposed use;
• the identity of the person or entity intending to use the content.

Requests may be sent to:

Alessandro del Ninno – Lawyer
Certified email address (PEC/REM): alessandrodelninno@ordineavvocatiroma.org

The same contact details may be used to report:

• suspected infringements of intellectual or industrial property rights;
• materials published without authorisation;
• incorrect attributions;
• content that infringes third-party rights;
• unauthorised uses of Website content.

A report should contain sufficient information to identify the right asserted, the content concerned and the grounds on which the report is made.

Receipt of a report does not constitute acknowledgement that it is well founded. Alessandro del Ninno may carry out any necessary checks and take such action as he considers appropriate.

14. Informational nature of the content and liability.

Website content is provided for informational, academic, cultural and educational purposes and does not constitute legal advice or a legal opinion in relation to any specific matter.

Viewing or consulting the content does not create a professional engagement or a lawyer–client relationship.

The limitations and exclusions of liability relating to the viewing and use of content are governed by the Legal Information and Website Terms of Use.

The protection of intellectual property rights does not limit users’ mandatory rights or any exceptions and limitations expressly provided for by applicable law.

15. Amendments to this Notice.

This Notice may be updated to reflect:

• changes in applicable law or its interpretation;
• measures adopted by competent authorities;
• technological developments;
• changes to the content or structure of the Website;
• the introduction of new formats or methods of publication;
• developments in automated extraction tools and artificial intelligence systems;
• the adoption of new machine-readable protocols for reserving rights.

The updated version will be published on the Website together with the date on which it was last updated.

16. Governing law.

This Notice is governed by Italian law and applicable European Union law.

Any matter not expressly addressed in this Notice is governed by the Legal Information and Website Terms of Use, without prejudice to any mandatory rights conferred by applicable law.